Extended Essay Guide Learn How to Write it With Ease

Looking for a more down to earth Extended Essay Guide? Then look no further. It is safe to assume that you are currently tackling the challenges of the International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum. Nonetheless, that does not mean that students are given all the necessary resources to address complex extended essay questions. Throughout this IB Extended Essay Guide, we will be exploring the most efficient methods to manage and complete such a challenging task. Contents What is an IB Extended Essay? How will the assignment be graded? IB Extended Essay Guidelines What are the best Extended Essay Topics? IB Extended Essay Example (Sample) Secret Tips and Tricks To Tackle Any IB Extended Essay Questions The â€Å"Do’s and Don'ts† of Tackling Any Extended Essay Questions Secret Tips and Tricks Starting Sooner Is Always Better Than Later What is an IB Extended Essay? It is a well-known fact that the IB Diploma Programme is quite demanding as it includes multiple forms of assessment, one of which is the Extended Essay. It is designed for students aged between 16 to 19 to help prepare them for life's challenges. Overall it aims to do so by encouraging its participants to be independent thinkers that are knowledgeable, caring, compassionate as well as have an inquisitive nature about the world around them. One develops their intercultural understanding due to the methods used to teach the material, particularly the Extended Essay, and the multicultural learning environment that prepares students to approach issues from a multitude of viewpoints. Visibly the IB programme is designed to empower students by allowing them to engage in higher level studies of their preferred subjects. Thus, the Extended Essay Topics will be based on one of the higher level subjects. In most cases, the IB Extended Essay is shortened to EE. Regardless of what Extended Essay topics are being taken into consideration, the assignment itself cannot exceed 4000 words. The assignment must make use of a Cover Page/Title Page, Abstract, Table of Content, Main Body and a Bibliography. This task should be structured as a mini- thesis written under the supervision of an academic supervisor, usually one of the IB teachers available at the school. The result obtained from students Extended Essay topics is counted towards the value of their IB Diploma. For those seeking a more detailed explanation of how it is tallied up, we will go over that in the sections to come. The process itself requires one to have their Extended Essay topics approved by the IBO which is not as complicated as most expect it to be. After it has been accepted, it is time to decide whether one will make use of a typical research paper format, conduct some form of experiment or seek to solve a prominent problem. Most IB schools will allow their students to pick the advisor they want to provide them with various IB Extended Essay Guidelines. How will the assignment be graded? Usually, the advisors are required to provide students with a handout explaining the grading scheme for all Extended Essay questions. However if it is still unclear, we will go over it again in the section below. As stated by the official Extended Essay Guidelines, the assignment will be marked by a number of external examiners which have been appointed by the IB. The grading scale begins at 0, being the lowest, and ends at 36, being the highest. Nevertheless, despite having a range, there are still some subject-specific as well as general criteria applied to the Extended Essay format as well as content. Therefore, according to how many Rubric Assessment Points you obtain, a Description Letter will be allocated to indicate the final grade. Extended Essay Example: Grading Scheme How does the Extended Essay impact my diploma? As of 2014, since the first examination in May 2015, students who receive an E on their Extended Essay topics or Theory of Knowledge (TOK) will no longer be eligible to be awarded the prestigious IB diploma. These two grades are still being combined allowing students to receive up to 3 points towards their degree by completing both assignments successfully. Specific Criteria If you have been wondering how to get all those 36 points for your Extended Essay topics then here is the answer. Having mentioned several times that there are some rather rigorous strict criteria used to grade Extended Essay topics, we will now have a look at all of them individually explaining their relevance and role. We have included the maximum amount of points each of these sections carry to give pupils a better understanding of their worth, nonetheless despite their numerical value all are equally important. A: Research Question [ 2 points Max ] In most subjects, the purpose of the essay will be highlighted in the form of a question, which is why this criterion is called Research Question. Nonetheless, specific Extended Essay topics will allow and even encourage different approaches when defining them. With that in mind, the research question still has to be included on the title page, and an introduction of the Extended Essay format requires that. B: Introduction [ 2 points Max ] According to the IB Extended Essay Guidelines examiners must assess the degree to which pupil’s introduction highlights the relationship between the research question and background knowledge the individual already posses on the Extended Essay topic. Students should look to underline the significance and worth of this examination holistically. Overall the context of the chosen research question must be stated and examined. C: Investigation [ 4 points Max ] As indicated by the IB Extended Essay Guide our following criterion entails examining the degree to which students have planned their investigations. In essence, examiners are looking to see an extensive range of sources is taken into consideration, efficient use of data as well as implementing these elements in the right places. Overall make sure you collect ONLY relevant material that has been carefully selected as it must support the idea of the investigation. D: Knowledge and Understanding of the Topic Studied [ 4 points Max ] This criterion assesses the degree to which students are aware of the current state of affairs in the respective field they are investigating. Nonetheless, that statement has to be taken with a pinch of salt since it is referring to what a pre-university student can elaborate on and not a Masters graduate. Thus, our Extended Essay Guide encourages students to evidentiate their knowledge and understanding of the topic at hand by indicating how the investigation impacts this subject from their current academic perspective. E: Reasoned Argument [ 4 points Max ] Due to the title, it is somewhat straightforward what will be placed under assessment. The IB Extended Essay Guidelines explicitly require students to make good use of all the data or reading material collected to showcase their ideas coherently and logically. Thus, pupils may decide to argue against their research question or choose to find various ways of proving it. Keep in mind that the paper must succeed in proving or disproving the original hypothesis according to the IB Extended Essay Guide. F: Application of Analytical and Evaluative Skills Appropriate to the Subject [ 4 points Max ] Students display an appropriate use of their analytical and evaluative skills throughout each section included in their Extensive Essay structure. G: Use of Language Appropriate to the Subject [ 4 Points Max ] Appropriate use of academic terminology, language, grammar, etc. throughout the assignment. Overall the goal is to get one's ideas across to the public in a clear and concise manner. H: Conclusion [ 2 points Max ] The goal here is clearly to assess the impact of a student's conclusion. Relevancy and consistency throughout one's argument will play a significant role for examiners. Make sure not to leave any unanswered questions to tackle within the conclusion. Doing so can indicate the student's research was not thorough enough or the Extended Essay structure was not properly organized. The keys to success are to be consistent in the methods and evidence used to support one's argument as well as keeping things as clear and concise as possible without repeating the introduction. I: Formal Presentation [ 4 points Max ] As simple as it might sound at first, the following criterion concerns itself with the formal physical elements of the Extended Essay. It is utterly crucial that students are aware of these requirements depicted in any Extended Essay Guide. Again consistency is critical as students must adhere to the standard format described below in the IB Extended Essay Guidelines section. For more information on what these elements are, consult â€Å"What is an IB Extended Essay?† located at the start of our Extended Essay Guide. Sticking to a simple set of rules can end up awarding the student 4 points, which would be a shame to lose out on. J: Abstract [ 2 points Max ] Remember that regardless of what Extended Essay topics are being taken into consideration the abstract can never exceed 300 words as it will result in losing these 2 points. Make sure you include the research question being investigated, how the data or reading material will be collected as well as how one expects the investigation to conclude. K: Holistic Judgement [ 4 points Max ] The last criterion sets out to assess the qualities which distinguish an excellent Extended Essay from a fantastic one. In essence what it means is displaying a passionate intellectual initiative and a firm understanding of what the topic entails. It is highly recommended in any Extended Essay Guide that pupils seek to apply holistic judgment throughout the entire assignment. IB Extended Essay Guidelines Similar to all standardized testing systems the Extended Essay guidelines are based on common criteria, some interpreted in specific ways according to the subject. So let’s have a look at the most general ones: The assignment is compulsory for all Diploma Programme students. Make sure to meet all the deadlines, including those for drafts. It can be done in the form of an investigation or independent research on the Extended Essay topics that have been approved by the Diploma Programme. Review the May 2017 Extended Essay structure requirements form in case things have changed. According to the Extended Essay Guidelines, everything has to be typed up and double-spaced. Most institutions will recommend that this process is undergone with the help of a supervisor. Students should look to pick Extended Essay topics they are comfortable with since it is an opportunity to display one’s knowledge and understanding of the subject with lots of enthusiasm. If the student is going to create their own topic, they have it approved by the IBO and their supervisor since it has to fit within the criteria. It must be presented as a formal piece of academic writing having no more than 4,000 words. The Extended Essay will be externally assessed alongside the TOK essay to determine how many points shall be contributed to the final grade. Remember to acknowledge all sources used in solving any Extended Essay questions according to the approved academic requirements. Overall it takes approximately 40 hours of work, depending on the student, and ends with a viva voce (voice interview which will be recorded) conducted by your chosen academic supervisor (recommended). Such Extended Essay Guidelines should be given out to you by every IB institution. Nonetheless, they are quite lengthy and can take a while to get through. We hope that by reading a shortened and more succinct version of it, you will have saved some time, which you can now invest into perfecting one’s Extended Essay Outline. What are the best Extended Essay Topics? Before exploring where one might strike goals regarding their Extended Essay topics, it is essential to be aware of the examiner's expectations. The IB programme makes use of a complex system where everything is interconnected. When first confronted with the Approaches to Teaching and Learning (ATL) available topics it can get a bit confusing due to how layered the system is. First off what ATL concerns itself with are planned strategies, skills and/or attitudes designed to suffuse one's teaching and learning environment. The goal behind ATL is to help students develop in five different areas, namely: Becoming an Independent Thinker Developing Self-Management Traits Encouraging Effective Communication Exploring Social Aspects Performing Fruitful Research Thus, to help students in their grooming process and prepare them for writing some fantastic Extended Essay topics the curriculum is designed much like one of a university. Meaning each pupil must choose six courses from six distinct groups. Doing so gives one a taste of what everything entails so they may gauge what field is best suited for their Extended Essay questions. The groups go as follows: The Arts [ Theater Arts, Visual Arts, Dancing, etc. ] Individuals and Societies [ Previously known as Humanities involves: History, Geography, Economics, Business Management, Information Technology, etc.] Sciences [ Physics, Biology, Chemistry, etc.] Studies in language and literature [ English, German, French, Spanish as a Native Speaker] Language Acquisition [ Learning a new language either from scratch or at a higher level, but less knowledgeable than a native speaker as they are not eligible] Mathematics In case you change your mind on what subjects fit best one has the option to change them up to a specific date. The date is established by each institution, in particular. Nevertheless, once the period has passed, it will be physically impossible for students to catch up with the material they have missed. With that being said, each must have at least three, with a maximum of four, higher level (HL) classes while taking the rest at the standard level (SL). The difference between those is straightforward: a higher level class will require 240 recommended teaching hours and standard level a total of 150 recommended teaching hours. Now, since we have a basic idea of how the system works and what is expected of us, we can have a look at what makes Extended Essay topics shine. Most students tend to deviate from the given list of topics by adding their own unique spin to it. The best way to go about any Extended Essay questions is by having the topic based on one of your higher level subjects. Below we will provide an Extended Essay example for each of the six groups. English A1 HL: How effective was Seamus Heaney’s response in â€Å"The Pen’s view of the Sword† to â€Å"The Troubles† in Northern Ireland as shown in â€Å"Wintering Out and North†? History HL: A in-depth comparative study between Chinese and Japanese high school history textbooks depicting the acts of Japanese Aggression in China from 1935 to 1937. Visual Arts HL: To what extent has Salvador Dali’s surrealist movement impacted our interpretation of modern artworks? Physics HL: Deformation from free-falling - Investigating how the height from which we drop molten wax onto a water surface affect its size and shape. Mathematics HL: An investigation into the relationship between Pascal's Triangle and the Fibonacci sequence. Economics/Business Management HL: To what extent has the recession affected the consumption of demerit goods in China? Secret Tips and Tricks To Tackle Any IB Extended Essay Questions Phew, it has been quite a journey so far, and it’s not over yet. Since we have covered all the significant elements which need to include in your Extended Essay topics what else could be left? Well, below our talented paper writers have come up with some fantastic tips and tricks that students can put into practice quite quickly. This type of Extended Essay guide looks to get you going in the right direction so you don't have to spend countless hours correcting silly mistakes which can sometimes occur. The following segment of the Extended Essay Guide is split into two distinct sections. One is a simple list of what to do and not to do while tackling this assignment as well as some fantastic tips and tricks to help you get it done in no time. So let’s have a look at each list of these Extended Essay tips carefully and understand how they will help us get it done in time. The â€Å"Do’s and Don'ts† of Tackling Any Extended Essay Questions Since the IB Extended Essay Topics are quite challenging here is a roadmap to help you understand what the examiners are looking for. Extended Essay Dos: Look to find a topic that you have a lot of background information on. This will not only reduce the number of research hours for the Extended Essay but also make it a lot easier to get one’s thoughts organized. Get working on it as quickly as possible Go over the assessment criteria for the Extended Essay format several times, since it would be a shame to lose points for small structural errors. Maintaining a good relationship with the chosen academic supervisor is crucial. Carefully consider what the best Extended Essay Research Question might be for the assignment Try imagining the full finished essay before deciding on your final research question. Do not be shy to reconstruct the Extended Essay questions if needed entirely. However, if it involves a change in topics, then it must be resubmitted to get the IB Coordinator’s approval. Instead of being overwhelmed by the sheer size of the Extended Essay format, one should look to start by completing the requirements such as the abstract, organizing their sources and table of content or perfecting the cover page Create a schedule: Plan out the when, where and hows regarding the material needed. It should also include dates. These will be used to determine when the research period ends, when the actual writing of the Extended Essay begins, etc. Make sure to include some wiggle room just in case there are unforeseen delays. Have a clear Extended Essay Structure. Meaning one should have it ready before they start writing. It will ensure the sources being used are well incorporated into the text. Have multiple copies of the assignment on various platforms. E.g., On your PC, Laptop, Hard-Drive, Phone, Tablet, etc. This way if one piece of equipment breaks down there is a backup file. Always double-check and proofread the final version multiple times. Extended Essay Don’ts: Avoid working with Extended Essay topics which are inappropriate. Meaning they should not be too vague, broad, narrow or too confusing to answer within the Extended Essay word count. Remember this kind of assignment seeks to find questions worth investigating which students can explore passionately. Overall students should avoid Extended Essay questions that can be quickly answered as well. Make sure all the data needed to develop the paper are readily available or can be made easily accessible. Without being able to interact with these resources, it is best to choose a different topic. Avoid including irrelevant material and sources at all cost. Do not ignore the Extended Essay Assessment Criteria and references your resources accordingly as to dodge the deadly bullet called plagiarism. Do not turn the assignment into a summary or a simple report depicting a given set of facts. Construct it in such a way so that analyzing the Extended Essay Research Question remains the star of the show. Stay clear of repeating the introduction in the conclusion as it is unacceptable for this particular assignment. Never cite sources that are not included in the bibliography. Secret Tips and Tricks: Find The Perfect Balance For Your Extended Essay Research Question Quite often students tend to struggle when trying to create their perfect Extended Essay questions. The issue arises due to the topics needing to be broad enough so writing 4,000 words for them is not an issue but at the same time make sure they are narrowed down to keep them from turning into books. A great example is history students who are passionate about World War II (WWII) seeking to create their topics. It is easily understood that choosing to write about the impact the war had on Europe is primarily a book in itself. Thus it is better to look at it from a different perspective. One can instead narrow it down to the impact WWII had on the performance of German military forces from 1945-1950. As easy as it might sound in this Extended Essay guide, the best way to go about perfecting your topic is by brainstorming multiple alternatives which seem attractive. Some students work better with Extended Essay topics requiring pupils to make some sort of comparison. But how could one apply that in such a scenario? It is essential to keep in mind that if choosing to do so we must find a form of comparison tailored to enrich the context. Thus, in our case, we can take a look at how a country such as Britain saw the German military in the time period selected. Overall we would now have researched two different sources that come to offer opposing viewpoints in our Extended Essay Outline. For example, a German source would describe the militaries lack of strength as increasing local civil unrest instead of helping maintain peace. While on the other hand, the British source would illustrate how the state of the German military had to remain this way since they had proven to be a threat to the international security of Europe twice in less than 50 years. Avoid using comparisons unless they are genuinely relevant to the Extended Essay Topics being developed. If you are still unsure whether a specific comparison can match your topic the best thing to do is to consult the academic advisor. Avoid Picking Up Extravagant Topics, Stick To Writing About Something You Really Enjoy So how does one go about finding their passion for writing a fantastic Extended Essay? Quite often the answer is staring us right in the face. Despite how demanding the IB Diploma Programme can be, eventually, we all find a class that helps relieve some of the pressure since everything comes to you naturally. It is highly recommended throughout this Extended Essay Guide that students pursue their passions since they will end up spending a lot of time working on the assignment. An unexpected benefit which can come from writing an fantastic Extended Essay is obtaining a scholarship by using it as a term of reference in interviews. Let’s assume that by now you’ve discovered the most suitable subject for your Extended Essay. If it is English A1 then apparently it will involve researching what books literal motifs can create a fascinating comparison. Start by brainstorming, as previously mentioned, to narrow it down to a manageable margin or list of possible options. Usually the fastest way to complete the Extended Essay outline is by looking at what your favorite chapters were in that book or course and why. However, try not to spend more than 2 hours on this process at most to obtain satisfactory results. If it seems to need more time then perhaps it is best to consider choosing a different Extended Essay topic. Choose the Best Possible Academic Advisor: When looking to pick an academic supervisor for your Extended Essay topic, it is essential to keep a few things in mind. First off, you have to convince them to supervise your Extended Essay early on since other students might want to seek out this particular teacher as well. In a sense, it is first come, first served. Some might require candidates to submit an Extended Essay outline before being accepted, but it is always worth it. Doing so ensures one does not end up with a random supervisor who is not passionate about the Extended Essay topic itself. Another crucial thing to value is selecting a tutor who is willing to take the time to go through several Extended Essay drafts and include an extensive set of notes on what can be improved. However, with that being said the IBO states explicitly that while advisors are allowed to suggest improvements to students Extended Essay topics they can not directly engage in writing up changes for it. Thus, one can understand why there is such a high demand for a detailed Extended Essay Guide. Overall the academic advisor should spend between two to three hours with the candidate discussing the intricacies of their Extended Essay topic. In essence, the process makes the students choice quite crucial since if they pick a teacher they have no connection to, this individual might not push the student to their limits. Thus, that is why in this Extended Essay Guide we recommend pupils always select a teacher you have worked with before either in class or during an extracurricular activity. So what are the keys to getting the best possible academic advisor for any Extended Essay Topics again? Pick an advisor that will motivate you and push you to the limit Make sure you get in touch with them early on, so they are not overburdened Submit an agreement form if necessary Always ask if they are willing to take the time and review multiple drafts Avoid choosing one's favorite teacher to be the advisor, UNLESS what they teach is directly related to the Extended Essay topic. Starting Sooner Is Always Better Than Later As dull as it might sound by now, it cannot be stressed enough by any Extended Essay Guide. But as evident as it might be there is always something a lot more fun to do in high school than coming up with Extended Essay topics. However, regardless of how confident one is in their academic skills and ability to write up assignments quickly, it is nearly impossible to produce a convincing 4,000-word essay in a week or less and expect a good grade. As previously mentioned in the Extended Essay Guide the task requires students to read multiple articles, books, plays or even watch several documentaries. Thus, the sooner one gets started the faster they can finish. Despite the universal IBO curriculum, not all institutions have the same deadlines. Meaning some schools will want them handed in as early as November from their Senior year class while others will have to submit theirs by February at the latest. Usually, the task deadlines will be provided to you in advance during the student's Junior Year. Nonetheless, if this has not come up the best thing to do is talk to the IB coordinator and find a useful Extended Essay Guide. Having mentioned it several times throughout this Extended Essay Guide, we will provide you with an ideal timetable which students can use to plan out this paper: *Note: The timeline is tailored, so everything is done in advance before everything is due to help relieve some of the pressure. Establishing a clear structure is half the battle Visibly the IB loves the use of an organized Extended Essay structure. A smart way to approach such a challenge, as indicated by our Extended Essay Guide, is to have a clear introduction (2 pages max), research question, main body (up to 18 pages max usually), conclusion (1 page) and a robust, reliable set of references (separate page). Steer clear of coming up with an ambiguous abstract confusing the examiner more rather than give them a good understanding of what is to come in the Extended Essay structure. Since the Extended Essay Guide indicates the main body will take up the most space, it is best to split it up into several components or elements. This way it is easier to define one’s Extended Essay outline, especially if it is a comparison. However, for those looking to conduct various experiments, it is best to follow the scientific method style. Meaning the Extended Essay outline begins by explaining the research question, describing the research methods that will be used to collect data, present the data, analyze the data, present all the possible uncertainties the experiment carries and lastly evaluate the success of the research in the form of a conclusion. As you can see a Extended Essay will take up a significant amount of time from the student, but it is vital to make sure it comes out perfect. So what are you waiting for? Get the best essay writing help from the Essay Service today.

Free Essays on Roofs

Table of Contents I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 A. Roofing Terms B. Rise + Run = Pitch II. Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A. Seven Different Roof Structures B. Laying out a ridge beam and common rafter III. Illustrations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 A. Diagram of Roof Framing Terms B. Roofing Parts C. Uses of a framing and speed square D. Illustration of all seven-roof types IV. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 V. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 VI. Glossary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 1 Introduction The indication of an experienced carpenter is the ability to lay out rafters and frame all types of roofs. On most job sites, the boss lays out the different rafters and the workers make duplicates of them. Those carpenters that want to be in supervisory positions must know how to frame various kinds of roofs. Along with the various roof types a carpenter must know there are also basic roofing terms that are needed to know in order to build the roof. They are: span, rafter, total run, unit run, ridge, line length, pitch, seat cut, plumb line, and level line. The span of a roof is the horizontal distance covered by the roof. This it the width of the building measure from the outer faces of the frame. A rafter is on the sloping members if a roof frame; it also supports the roof coverings. The total run of a rafter is the horizontal distance over which the rafter rises. This is one half of the span. Unit run is the diagonal of the square whose sides are equal to the unit run of the rafters. The unit run is ... Free Essays on Roofs Free Essays on Roofs Table of Contents I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 A. Roofing Terms B. Rise + Run = Pitch II. Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A. Seven Different Roof Structures B. Laying out a ridge beam and common rafter III. Illustrations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 A. Diagram of Roof Framing Terms B. Roofing Parts C. Uses of a framing and speed square D. Illustration of all seven-roof types IV. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 V. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 VI. Glossary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 1 Introduction The indication of an experienced carpenter is the ability to lay out rafters and frame all types of roofs. On most job sites, the boss lays out the different rafters and the workers make duplicates of them. Those carpenters that want to be in supervisory positions must know how to frame various kinds of roofs. Along with the various roof types a carpenter must know there are also basic roofing terms that are needed to know in order to build the roof. They are: span, rafter, total run, unit run, ridge, line length, pitch, seat cut, plumb line, and level line. The span of a roof is the horizontal distance covered by the roof. This it the width of the building measure from the outer faces of the frame. A rafter is on the sloping members if a roof frame; it also supports the roof coverings. The total run of a rafter is the horizontal distance over which the rafter rises. This is one half of the span. Unit run is the diagonal of the square whose sides are equal to the unit run of the rafters. The unit run is ...

The Guns or Butter Nazi Economy

The Guns or Butter Nazi Economy A study of how Hitler and the Nazi regime handled the German economy has two dominant themes: after coming to power during a depression, how did the Nazis solve the economic problems facing Germany, and how did they manage their economy during the largest war the world has yet seen, when facing economic rivals like the US. Early Nazi Policy Like much of Nazi theory and practice, there was no overarching economic ideology and plenty of what Hitler thought was the pragmatic thing to do at the time, and this was true throughout the Nazi Reich. In the years leading to their takeover of Germany, Hitler didn’t commit to any clear economic policy, so as to widen his appeal and keep his options open. One approach can be seen in the early 25 Point program of the party, where socialist ideas such as nationalization were tolerated by Hitler in an attempt to keep the party unified; when Hitler turned away from these goals, the party split and some leading members  (like Strasser) were killed to retain unity. Consequently, When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, the Nazi Party had different economic factions and no overall plan. What Hitler did at first was to maintain a steady course which avoided revolutionary measures so as to find a middle ground between all the groups he’d made promises to. Extreme measures under extreme Nazis would only come later when things were better. The Great Depression In 1929, an economic depression swept the world, and Germany suffered heavily. Weimar Germany had rebuilt a troubled economy on the back of US loans and investments, and when these were suddenly withdrawn during the depression the Germany economy, already dysfunctional and deeply flawed, collapsed once more. German exports dropped, industries slowed, businesses failed and unemployment rose. Agriculture also began to fail. The Nazi Recovery This depression had helped the Nazis in the early thirties, but if they wanted to keep their hold on power they had to do something about it. They were helped by the world economy beginning to recover at this time anyway, by the low birth rate from World War 1 reducing the workforce, but action was still needed, and the man to lead it was Hjalmar Schacht, who served as both Minister of Economics and President of the Reichsbank, replacing Schmitt who had a heart attack trying to deal with the various Nazis and their push for war. He was no Nazi stooge, but a well-known expert on the international economy, and one who’d played a key role in defeating Weimar’s hyperinflation. Schacht led a plan which involved heavy state spending to cause demand and get the economy moving and used a deficit management system to do so. The German banks had tottered in the Depression, and so the state took a greater role in the movement of capital – borrowing, investments etc. – and put low interest rates in place. The government then targeted farmers and small businesses to help them back into profit and productivity; that a key part of the Nazi vote was from rural workers and the middle class was no accident. The main investment from the state went into three areas: construction and transportation, such as the autobahn system which was built despite few people owning cars (but was good in a war), as well as many new buildings, and rearmament. Previous Chancellors Bruning, Papen and Schleicher had started putting this system into place. The exact division has been debated in recent years, and it’s now believed less went into rearmament at this time and more into the other sectors than thought. The workforce was also tackled, with the Reich Labour Service directing the young unemployed. The resu lt was a tripling of state investment from 1933 to 1936, unemployment cut by two-thirds (Nazi faithful were guaranteed jobs even if they weren’t qualified and if the job wasn’t needed), and the near recovery of the Nazi economy. But the purchasing power of civilians had not increased and many jobs were poor. However, Weimar’s problem of a poor balance of trade continued, with more imports than exports and the danger of inflation. The Reich Food Estate, designed to co-ordinate agricultural produce and achieve self-sufficiency, failed to do so, annoyed many farmers, and even by 1939, there were shortages. Welfare was turned into a charitable civilian area, with donations forced through the threat of violence, allowing tax money for rearmament. The New Plan: Economic Dictatorship While the world looked at Schacht’s actions and many saw positive economic outcomes, the situation in Germany was darker. Schacht had been installed to prepare an economy with a large focus on the German war machine. Indeed, while Schacht didn’t start off as a Nazi, and never joined the Party, in 1934, he was basically made an economic autocrat with total control of the German finances, and he created the ‘New Plan’ to tackle the issues: the balance of trade was to be controlled by the government deciding what could, or couldn’t be imported, and the emphasis was on heavy industry and the military. During this period Germany signed deals with numerous Balkan nations to exchange goods for goods, enabling Germany to keep foreign currency reserves and bringing the Balkans into the German sphere of influence. The Four Year Plan of 1936 With the economy improving and doing well (low unemployment, strong investment, improved foreign trade) the question of ‘Guns or Butter’ began to haunt Germany in 1936. Schacht knew that if rearmament continued at this pace the balance of payments would go crippling downhill, and he advocated increasing consumer production to sell more abroad. Many, especially those poised to profit, agreed, but another powerful group wanted Germany ready for war. Critically, one of these people was Hitler himself, who wrote a memorandum that year calling for the German economy to be ready for war in four years’ time. Hitler believed the German nation had to expand through conflict, and he wasn’t prepared to wait long, overriding many business leaders who called for slower rearmament and an improvement in living standards and consumer sales. Quite what scale of war Hitler envisioned isn’t certain. The result of this economic tug was Goering being appointed head of the Four Year Plan, designed to speed rearmament and create self-sufficiency, or ‘autarky’. Production was to be directed and key areas increased, imports were also to be heavily controlled, and ‘ersatz’ (substitute)  goods were to be found. The Nazi dictatorship now affected the economy more than ever before. The problem for Germany was that Goering was an air ace, not an economist, and Schacht was so sidelined that he resigned in 1937. The result was, perhaps predictably, mixed: inflation had not increased dangerously, but many targets, such as oil and arms, had not been reached. There were shortages of key materials, civilians were rationed, any possible source was scavenged or stolen, rearmament and autarky targets were not met, and Hitler seemed to be pushing a system which would only survive through successful wars. Given that Germany then went head first into war, the failures of th e plan soon became very apparent. What did grow were Goering’s ego and the vast economic empire he now controlled. The relative value of wages fell, the hours worked increased, workplaces were full of the Gestapo, and bribery and inefficiency grew. The Economy Fails at War It’s clear to us now that Hitler wanted war, and that he was reformatting the German economy to carry out this war. However, it appears that Hitler was aiming for the main conflict to start several years later than it did, and when Britain and France called the bluff over Poland in 1939 the German economy was only partially ready for the conflict, the goal being to start the great war with Russia after a few more years building. It was once believed that Hitler tried to shield the economy from the war and not move immediately to a full wartime economy, but in late 1939 Hitler greeted the reaction of his new enemies with sweeping investments and changes designed to support the war. The flow of money, the use of raw materials, the jobs people held and what weapons should be produced were all changed. However, these early reforms had little effect. Production of key weapons like tanks stayed low, due to flaws in design negating speedy mass production, inefficient industry, and a failure to organize. This inefficiency and organizational deficit were in a large part due to Hitler’s method of creating multiple overlapping positions which competed with each other and jostled for power, a flaw from the heights of government down to the local level. Speer and Total War In 1941 the USA entered the war, bringing some of the most powerful production facilities and resources in the world. Germany was still under-producing, and the economic aspect of World War 2 entered a new dimension. Hitler declared new laws – the Rationalization Decree of late 1941 – and made Albert Speer Minister of Armaments. Speer was best known as Hitler’s favored architect, but he was given the power to do whatever was necessary, cut through whichever competing bodies he needed, to get the German economy fully mobilized for total war. Speer’s techniques were to give industrialists more freedom while controlling them through a Central Planning Board, allowing for more initiative and results from people who knew what they were doing, but still kept them pointed in the right direction. The result was an increase in weapons and armaments production, certainly more than the old system produced. But modern economists have concluded Germany could have produced more and was still being beaten economically by the output of the US, USSR, and Britain. One problem was the allied bombing campaign which caused massive disruption, another was the infighting in the Nazi party, and another was the failure to use the conquered territories to full advantage. Germany lost the war in 1945, having been outfought but, perhaps even more critically, comprehensively out produced by their enemies. The German economy was never functioning fully as a total war system, and they could have produced more if better organized. Whether even that would have stopped their defeat is a different debate.

Mideast Conflict essays

Mideast Conflict essays As America faces another showdown against Iraq, the Mideast conflict is possibly the single most important factor for our countrys war against terrorism. To fully understand the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one must know the history of the region. This paper will attempt to provide an objective view on the situation and offer a plan for lasting peace in the region. An individual might begin this discussion in early times (3000 B.C.). However finding solid, factual data from this period is challenging, and often the facts vary depending on from which perspective the data is written. Obviously, this land has been contested since the beginning of time. Following is a rough timeline of events that shaped the current Middle East situation. Statements in a standard font are generally facts, which both sides agree upon. Statements in bold type are comments that are generally neutral. Statements in red type are the Palestinian, Arab viewpoints. Statements in blue type are the Jewish, Israeli viewpoints. 1. Jews and Arabs pray to a different God. Both sides claim that the West Bank is the center of their homeland. 2. In World War I, Britain gained control of the land of Palestine with Arab aid. After Britain gained control of the region, they promised Jewish leaders a national home in the land of Palestine. Britain also promised the creation of an independent Arab state. Both sides generally agree to this statement. 3. The British mandate officially began in 1922, which was approved by the League of Nations. The White Paper (1922) stated Britains policy of aiding Jews return to their homeland. Additionally, there were limits placed on the number of Jewish immigrants that should be admitted into the region. This statement is also generally agreed upon. But, the number of Jewish immigrants was supposed to be limited to 25,000, but the actual number of immigrants was closer to 50,000. This ...

Synthesis Paper Nature Themed Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis Nature Themed - Term Paper Example Moreover, as the analysis will indicate, the authors both use a level of subtle persuasion via exquisite description to engage the reader with the ultimate take-away that their respective pieces exhibit. Edward Abbey’s â€Å"The Serpents of Paradise†, describes a very rural and natural environment that is only punctuated by man’s presence within the story. As the author looks out over the rough and natural landscape, he is made aware of the fact that nature springs from all corners and would otherwise forget that he was even in the story should he not make his presence known. Although a great deal of the story centers around the interplay that takes place between the author, the rattlesnake, and the gopher snakes, the ultimate point that is exhibited over and over again is the fact that the environment itself is practically oblivious to his presence. Although unstated, what this serves to impress upon the reader is the way in which mankind is merely like every ot her naturally occurring plant or species, limited, finite, and soon to pass out of existence. Such a realization is further impressed upon the reader by the fact that the nature in Abbey’s story is, unless disturbed or made aware of his presence, completely oblivious to the fact that he exists in the first place. This serves to impress upon the reader a further level of appreciation for the processes and exposition of life within the natural world due to the fact that these representations are so unaware of humanity’s impact that it is and should remain up to the human guardians of such habitats to ensure that no harm or disruption comes to the creatures that dwell within it and call it home. Such a representation of live and let live is of course referenced with regards to the way in which Edward Abbey deals with the rattlesnake at his back door steps. Says Abbey, â€Å"There’s a revolver inside the trailer, a huge British Webley .45, loaded, but it’s o ut of reach. Even if I had it in my hands I’d hesitate to blast a fellow creature at such close range†¦it would be like murder† (CITE). This representation of such a passive approach to the environment and its right to coexist peacefully in a habitat invaded by humans is a point that Abbey discusses throughout the course of his brief short story (Luke 173). In much a similar and comparable way, the needs of the environment and nature to continue on unabated in the processes that they have engaged in since the beginning biological life is illustrated by Linda Hogan in her piece entitled, â€Å"Walking†. In much a comparable way to Abbey, Hogan spends the bulk of her analysis describing the natural landscape that greets her eyes as a result of the walk that she takes around the property she has come to call home. In this way, many of the same reverences for nature and the role that it plays, ignorant of the sheer existence of humanity, is brought to the reader ’s attention. Says Hogan, â€Å"In this one plant, in one summer season, a drama of need and survival took place. Hungers were filled. Insects coupled. There was escape, exhaustion, and death. Lives touched down a moment and were gone†

Approaches to Standard Setting in Accounting Essay

Approaches to Standard Setting in Accounting - Essay Example The body also cited the reasons at which it was setting these accounting settings and some of them included; to give users of accounting information about their financial situation, their financial performance, and the financial conduct of a firm (LeRoy, 2007). Another reason was to assist public accountants with steps to enable them perform their work with care in offering their services in the accounting market. These standards were set so that all financial statements were consistent and had the ability to describe their financial performance. These accounting standards can also be known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), they are generally accepted because there is an authoritative accounting body that set them and the body oversees the implementation of these standards. Without these standards the consumers of financial statements would need to learn accounting rules of different firms, this would be a difficult task for multi investors to compare these financia l statement accounting rules. Some of the bodies that regulate these accounting standards are the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This body was formed to establish these accounting standards for the public traded firms. ... Then the financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was created after the wheat committee suggested the replacement of the GAAP board with new standards. After the dissolving the FASB board a new board International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in 1973. This board was created to encourage a worldwide implementation of the accounting standards. This board was succeeded by a private sector body that was structured in a similar way as FASB (Sharpe, 1982). The accounting standards and regulations are very important. This is because they regulate accounting assumptions and methods. They also enable us to have consistency in the methods that are used to organize company’s financial statements. Although there are differences within these regulations, reliable conclusions can be deduced when comparing firms’ financial data for specific industries. If there were no accounting standards then the people who use financial statements like investors, banks and ot her institutions would require learning these accounting rules in a different manner for each firm. The accounting standards instill relevance to day to day accounting procedures and processes; this results into better financial performance from firms and represents faithfulness and accuracy (Sharpe, 1982). These standards ensure that neutral information is used hence eliminating the possibility of biasness in the financial statements. They give relevant information by enabling investors to know their specific points of investments to make. They save a lot of time since they give or point out clarity in the financial statements. The growth of financial transactions is making the compliance with accounting standards become an issue which require addressing immediately

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) Assignment - 1

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) II part - Assignment Example The local governments on both secured and unsecured property on the other hand levy property taxes. Other taxes for local governments come from franchise fees, business license tax, parimutual taxes and many others. The third main source is from licenses, permits, fees, and receipts. These rates are charged from all manner of contractors within the locality (Aronson & Schwartz, 2007). Local governments also source their finances from both external and internal loans to finance projects. The external loans are sourced from banks or financial institutions while the internal loans are sourced from their own internal savings such as the capital development funds or the Consolidated Loan Fund that form part of the internal loans for a local government. While the internal loans are quite cheap hence can be afforded to finance the budgets, the external loans are expensive since they attract high interest rates hence not a wise way of financing a capital budget. The local governments also get fund from the contributions from revenues which results as a result of purchasing a capital item, it pays from the operating income from the year of purchase and it is used to pay for small capital items in most localities given that it does not attract any interest payments (Aronson & Schwartz, 2007). National governments may also extend grants to local governments on application w hich if combined with donor funds form a substantial source of revenue to help in incurring developmental and capital expenditure. The sources of funding a local government can therefore be categorized into two major categories namely, government transfers and the revenue instruments that the government controls hence its empowered to raise its own revenue as discussed above. As indicated above some municipal services are paid for by the individuals or the public who use them. The charges by the municipalities on the services are called† tariffs† and the tariffs should be affordable both